Dab tsi yog qhov phom sij ntawm X-rays? Cov kws kho mob hnav cov tsho tiv no thaum cov neeg mob zoo li tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv dab tsi?
"Kev X-ray" yog ib qho kev txiav txim uas koj yuav hnov hauv tsev kho mob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv ib chav haujlwm xws li kev phais orthopedic.
Kev nkag mus rau X-ray muaj zog tuaj yeem nkag mus rau tib neeg lub cev qauv, thiab tsim cov duab ntawm zaj duab xis lossis tshuaj ntsuam raws li cov nyhuv fluorescence thiab cov nyhuv photosensitive. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev rau kev kuaj mob tus qauv hauv keeb kwm kho mob. tshuaj xyuas.
Vim tias X-rays muaj hluav taws xob, lawv tau coj los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv tsev kho mob. Hauv qee chav ua haujlwm uas X-ray siv los ua cov haujlwm cuam tshuam rau cov neeg mob, cov kws kho mob hnav cov tsho tiv no kom tsis txhob muaj kev puas tsuaj los ntawm kev raug hluav taws xob ntev, tab sis cov neeg mob zoo li tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv. Vim li cas qhov no?
Newtonian classical mechanics system cim lub hnub yug ntawm physics niaj hnub, thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm X-rays cim lub sijhawm tuaj txog ntawm lub sijhawm niaj hnub physics. X-rays yog hluav taws xob hluav taws xob nrog lub wavelengths ntawm ultraviolet rays thiab gamma rays. Nyob rau hauv thawj qhov kev siv rau cov npe ntawm cov carcinogens luam tawm los ntawm International Agency for Research on Cancer ntawm World Health Organization nyob rau hauv 2017, lawv muaj nyob rau hauv ib chav kawm ntawm carcinogens, tab sis lawv cov carcinogenic txaus ntshai yog ua tau. Nws tsis tuaj yeem tswj tau, thiab tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nws cov nqi hauv kev kho mob thiab txawm tias tag nrho cov zej zog kev tshawb fawb.
X-rays tseem hu ua Roentgen rays. Xyoo 1895, thaum WK Roentgen tau koom nrog cathode ray tshawb fawb hauv chav kuaj hauv lub tebchaws Yelemes, nws pom cov xim daj-ntsuab fluorescence ntawm lub vijtsam coated nrog barium platinum cyanide nyob deb ntawm lub cathode rays. Ntau nkag mus rau X-rays.
Hauv ib zaj dab neeg hais txog, Roentgen txhais tes tau xoo hluav taws xob thiab tso ib daim duab ntawm cov pob txha ntawm tes rau ntawm phab ntsa, thiab Roentgen mam li thaij duab ntawm nws tus poj niam X-rayed tes pob txha thiab tso tawm thaum qhov kev tshawb pom tau tshaj tawm. Qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm X-rays kuj tau txais Roentgen qhov khoom plig Nobel hauv Physics hauv xyoo 1901.
Thiab qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm X-rays sai sai tau coj mus rau qhov kev tshawb pom tshiab: radioactivity.
Thaum pib ntawm kev tshawb pom X-rays, cov kws tshawb fawb tsis tau paub seb nws puas yog hluav taws xob nthwv dej lossis cov hluav taws xob tawg, kom txog rau thaum German physicist Laue luam tawm "Qhov cuam tshuam Phenomena ntawm X-rays" hauv xyoo 1912, ua pov thawj tias X-rays. electromagnetic yoj, thiab nyob rau hauv 1912 Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj tom qab ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, lub voj voog physics thiab chemistry maj mam txais cov txiaj ntsig ntawm X-ray diffraction hauv kev txheeb xyuas cov qauv siv lead ua.
Lub sijhawm ntawd, cov zej zog kev tshawb fawb tau ntes tau nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb boom ntawm X-rays. Raws li qhov kev xav tias fluorescence los ntawm X-rays, Fabkis tus kws kho mob Becquerel irradiated ib crystalline uranium ntsev cov khoom nyob rau hauv lub hnub, thiab yuam kev pom tias uranium ntsev tau txais los ntawm daim duab tsis zoo. Cov txiaj ntsig zoo ib yam tuaj yeem tau txais yam tsis tau irradiated los ntawm lub hnub, uas yog thawj lub xov tooj cua tshwm sim pom los ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv zej zog.
Uranium kuj tau dhau los ua thawj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau pom, thiab cov xov xwm ntawm kev tshawb pom ntawm cov xov tooj cua tau nyiam Marie Curie txoj kev xav, uas tseem ua rau tib neeg nkag mus rau lub sijhawm tshiab ntawm kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb hauv ntiaj teb atomic.
X-rays thiab radioactivity tau pom ib qho tom qab, tab sis X-ray tsis yog hluav taws xob thiab tsis tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm teeb meem ib leeg. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm nws tiam yog hais tias lub high-speed tsiv electrons bombard lub tungsten lub hom phiaj, ua rau lub sab nrauv electrons ntawm tungsten los tsim kev hloov thiab tso tawm lub zog. Kev puas tsuaj rau tib neeg lub cev yog tshwm sim los ntawm hluav taws xob.
Txawm hais tias ob qho tib si tuaj yeem ua mob rau tib neeg lub cev, "kua hluav taws xob" txawv ntawm "kua hluav taws xob". Radioactivity yog hais txog qhov emissions ntawm rays los ntawm unstable atomic nuclei, xws li alpha rays, beta rays, gamma rays, thiab lwm yam. Radiation yog hais txog lub tshav kub, lub teeb, suab, electromagnetic vuag, thiab lwm yam. Ib lub xeev nyob rau hauv uas muaj teeb meem kis mus rau ib ncig.
Kev raug hluav taws xob mus sij hawm ntev yuav ua rau cov kab mob hauv tib neeg lub cev thiab lub cev, thiab yuav ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm caj ces, ua rau mob leukemia, aplastic anemia, mob qog noj ntshav, kev laus ntxov ntxov thiab lwm yam kab mob. Yog tias cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob uas tsim hluav taws xob raug thaiv, cov hluav taws xob tseem yuav ploj mus, yog li X-ray system yuav tsis tsim hluav taws xob ntev npaum li qhov hluav taws xob siab raug txiav tawm tom qab siv.
Vim li cas tus neeg mob tsis hnav nws?
Hauv chav ua haujlwm uas siv X-ray los ua cov haujlwm cuam tshuam rau cov neeg mob, cov kws kho mob yuav hnav khaub ncaws hnyav hnyav. Cov khaub ncaws txhuas, uas yog, cov khaub ncaws cais tawm, yog cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv hluav taws xob uas tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov kab hluav taws xob thaum kuaj hluav taws xob.
Interventional phais yog ib qho kev phais me me raws li kev taw qhia ntawm cov khoom siv kho mob. Nws tau nkag mus rau hauv tus neeg mob lub cev siv cov lus qhia xaim catheter, thiab lwm yam. Nws yog ib qho kev phais uas muaj kev nkag siab zoo rau tus kws kho mob txoj haujlwm. Xws li kev phais plawv, kev phais mob aneurysm, kev phais mob qog noj ntshav, thiab lwm yam, nws yuav siv sijhawm li ib mus rau plaub lossis tsib teev rau ib chav.
Cov kws kho mob uas ua kev phais yog raug hluav taws xob ntev, thiab tej zaum yuav raug hluav taws xob ntau tshaj kaum teev hauv ib hnub, uas yog sib npaug rau ntau txhiab X-rays tsis tu ncua. Yog li ntawd, lawv yuav tsum hnav cov khaub ncaws txhuas kom txo tau cov hluav taws xob tsawg.
Rau cov neeg mob uas tau txais kev phais mob, lawv yuav tsum tau siv lub tshuab angiography kom pom cov hlab ntsha hauv lawv lub cev nrog kev koom tes ntawm X-rays thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm sib txawv hauv hom kev phais uas tuaj yeem nthuav tawm qhov mob rau tus kws kho mob yam tsis tau phais. Thaum X-rays raug thaiv los ntawm cov khaub ncaws txhuas, cov kab mob tsis tuaj yeem pom, thiab kev ua haujlwm tsis tuaj yeem ua.
Thiab txhua tus neeg mob tsuas yog raug X-rays rau qhov ntev ntawm ib qho kev ua haujlwm, tsis zoo li cov kws kho mob ua haujlwm hauv chav ua haujlwm uas raug X-ray hnub nyob rau hauv thiab tawm hnub, yog li cov neeg mob tsis tas yuav hnav cov khaub ncaws txhuas, tab sis cov kws kho mob ua.
Qhov tseeb, cov khaub ncaws txhuas tuaj yeem ua ntau yam duab. Raws li cov kev xav tau, muaj lub tes tsho ntev, lub tsho ntev, tsho khuam, lub tsho tiv thaiv cov phuam qhwv caj dab, cov phuam qhwv caj dab, cov kaus mom hlau, thiab lwm yam. Hauv kev kuaj xyuas hluav taws xob uas xav tau los ntawm lub xeev, cov khoom tsis raug soj ntsuam ntawm tus neeg mob tsis raug kuaj xyuas. , tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, cov gonads thiab cov thyroid caj pas kuj tau tiv thaiv thiab tiv thaiv cov khaub ncaws txhuas. Piv txwv li, thaum ua lub taub hau CT, cov kws kho mob yuav hnav cov khaub ncaws txhuas los tiv thaiv tus neeg mob lub plab.
Disadvantages ntawm txhuas coats
Qhov tseeb, thaum pib ntawm kev tshawb pom ntawm X-rays, Roentgen pom tias X-rays nrog kev nkag mus tau zoo heev tuaj yeem nkag mus rau ntau txhiab nplooj ntawv, ob peb centimeters ntawm ntoo thiab tawv roj hmab, nrog rau kaum tsib centimeters ntawm txhuas daim hlau, tab sis 1.5 millimeters tuab. Lub phaj txhuas tsis tuaj yeem hla. Qhov no yog vim hais tias ntau dua cov atomic tooj thiab ntau dua qhov ceev ntawm cov khoom, lub zog muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv hluav taws xob, siab dua cov atomic tooj ntawm txhuas, ntau electrons sab nraum lub nucleus, qhov ntau dua qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov nyhuv photoelectric thiab Compton scattering. , yog li nws tuaj yeem tiv thaiv X-rays.
Qhov tseeb, cov ntsiab lus nrog cov hlau hnyav hnyav dua 4 muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv cov kab hluav taws xob ntau, suav nrog kub, nyiaj, tooj liab, hlau, thiab txhuas. Hauv kev muaj tiag, pob zeb thiab hlau tuaj yeem tiv thaiv rays. Lub txheej txheej ntawm lub reactor ntawm ib tug nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag yog ua los ntawm tuab heev pob zeb. Shields hluav taws xob, tab sis cov ntaub ntawv no tsis muaj txiaj ntsig thiab tsis haum rau kev ua cov khaub ncaws tiv thaiv. Needless hais, kub thiab nyiaj yog denser dua txhuas, tab sis kim. Kev txiav txim siab los ntawm cov khoom siv raw uas tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tam sim no, cov hmoov txhuas yog pheej yig thiab ruaj khov hauv qhov xwm txheej, yog li nws tau dhau los ua cov khoom siv rau kev tiv thaiv khaub ncaws.
Raws li cov kev xav no, nws tuaj yeem pom tau tias kev yug me nyuam ntawm cov khaub ncaws txhuas yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev lag luam tawm ntawm daim ntawv thov scenarios, hluav taws xob thaiv kev muaj peev xwm thiab cov nqi ntawm cov khoom siv, yog li nws kuj muaj qhov tsis zoo.
Ua ntej tshaj plaws, cov khaub ncaws txhuas tsis tuaj yeem muab kev tiv thaiv zoo rau cov neeg hnav hauv qhov chaw hluav taws xob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov kws kho mob uas raug hluav taws xob ntev. Vim yog qhov yooj yim ntawm kev ua haujlwm aseptic thiab kev phais mob, nws tsis yog los npog tag nrho lub cev nrog cov khaub ncaws txhuas. Piv txwv li, peb tuaj yeem pom cov tsho tiv no tsis muaj lub tes tsho.
Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov hnyav ntawm lub tsho tiv no tsis yog me me, nws tuaj yeem hnyav txog 40 catties, uas yog lub nra hnyav rau cov kws kho mob uas tau ua haujlwm ntev; thiab lub tsho tiv no muaj lub neej ua haujlwm sib txawv thiab xav tau kev saib xyuas thiab kev tswj xyuas kom zoo. Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob txo qhov kev pab cuam lub neej thiab cuam tshuam rau kev tiv thaiv.
Cov lus qhia yav tom ntej rau kev txhim kho
Los ntawm kev phais tsis muaj tshuaj loog mus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kev qhuab qhia tshiab xws li biomedical engineering, cov tshuaj tau ntsib txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov tshuaj, kev sim tshuaj thiab cov tshuaj niaj hnub.
Hauv kev xyaum tawm tsam cov kab mob ntev, nws tau tsim cov thev naus laus zis xws li kev hloov pauv hauv nruab nrog cev thiab kev cog qoob loo cog qoob loo uas tuaj yeem tsuas yog tshwm sim hauv kev tshawb fawb tsis tseeb ntau xyoo dhau los. Raws li ntau tus tub rog hauv cov neeg dawb tau hais, cov tshuaj twg tuaj yeem ua tau tam sim no zoo li tsis muaj ntau. Tab sis thaum tib neeg ntsib tus kab mob, lawv paub tias tshuaj muaj peev xwm ua tau tsawg dhau.
Kev phais kev phais, ua ke nrog kev phais thiab cov tshuaj sab hauv, tam sim no lub npe hu ua peb lub hauv paus kev qhuab qhia, thiab nws yog ib qho kev hloov pauv ntawm kev kho mob yav tom ntej. Txawm li cas los xij, kev puas tsuaj hluav taws xob rau cov neeg ua haujlwm kho mob tsis tuaj yeem zam tau hauv cov txheej txheem, kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv yuav tsum tau ntxiv dag zog, thiab cov cuab yeej kho mob yuav tsum tau txhim kho ntxiv.
