Nkag siab txog ECG
Lus Askiv thiab Suav Lus Txhais Lus Soj Ntsuam ECG so electrocardiograph yog cais raws li qhov yuav tsum tau muaj ntawm ECG ib puag ncig. Nws xav kom tus neeg mob pw ntsiag to ntawm lub txaj pw hauv tsev kho mob, thiab lub sijhawm tau txais yog 10 vib nas this rau 300 vib nas this. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev kuaj thawj zaug ntawm cov kab mob plawv feem ntau. Lub tshuab Holter / Dynamic ECG yog siv los ntxiv rau lub tshuab ECG so. Tus neeg mob tuaj yeem ua txhua yam dej num hauv lub neej. Lub thawv ntim khoom yog hnav ntawm tus neeg mob thiab tuaj yeem saib xyuas rau 24/48/72 teev. Tus kws kho mob tuaj yeem ua tiav ntau yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm kev soj ntsuam zoo software Analysis; haum rau kev saib xyuas lub plawv mus sij hawm ntev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau qee cov kab mob hauv lub plawv uas tsis tuaj yeem txhawb nqa nyob rau hauv qhov chaw pw tsaug zog. Lub Stress ECG ce electrocardiograph yog ib qho ntxiv rau thawj ob electrocardiographs. Tus neeg mob maj nrawm rau kev tawm dag zog los ntawm treadmill lossis lub tsheb kauj vab pedal. Lub thawv ntim khoom yog hnav ntawm tus neeg mob thiab txuas nrog kev tawm dag zog ECG tsom xam software ntawm PC txhawm rau txheeb xyuas tus neeg mob qhov kev tawm dag zog lub sijhawm. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev kuaj mob plawv uas tuaj yeem tsuas yog txhawb nqa hauv kev tawm dag zog hnyav. Lub teeb liab electrophysiological generated nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm cardiac depolarization thiab repolarization ntawm cov hlau lead, qhov zoo thiab tsis zoo electrodes yog muab tso rau ntawm ob lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub cev nto sib cais los ntawm ib tug tej yam deb, nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus, lub peev xwm hloov ntawm ECG yuav ntsuas, thiab ob lub ntsiab lus no yog tus coj. Cov channel channel sib raug rau kev luam ntawv muaj nuj nqi, uas yog hais txog ntau tshaj plaws ntawm cov channel waveforms uas tuaj yeem luam tawm tib lub sijhawm thaum luam ntawv; Lub tshuab ECG muaj 12 coj, thiab daim ntawv qhia ECG yuav tsum luam tawm tag nrho 12 coj. Yog tias luam ntawv: feem ntau ib zaug Luam ib qho txhuas, faib ua kaum ob pawg, thiab ua kom tiav 12 txhuas txhuas, uas yog hu ua ib leeg-channel electrocardiograph; luam tawm mus txog peb zaug ib zaug, faib ua plaub pawg, thiab ua kom tiav 12 coj, uas yog hu ua peb-channel electrocardiograph; Sau 6 coj, faib ua ob pawg, ua tiav 12 coj, hu ua 6-channel ECG tshuab; tuaj yeem ua tiav 12-cov ntawv luam tawm ib zaug, hu ua 12-channel ECG tshuab; tuaj yeem ua tiav 15-cov ntaub ntawv luam tawm ib zaug, hu ua 15-channel electrocardiograph; P waveP nthwv dej Qhov hluav taws xob excitation ntawm lub plawv ib txwm pib los ntawm lub sinoatrial node. Txij li thaum lub sinus node nyob rau ntawm lub hlws ris ntawm txoj cai atrium thiab lub superior vena cava, lub excitation ntawm lub sinoatrial node yog thawj kis mus rau sab xis atrium thiab ces mus rau sab laug atrium los ntawm lub interatrial nras, tsim ib tug P nthwv dej ntawm lub ECG. . P nthwv dej sawv cev rau qhov excitation ntawm atrium, thawj ib nrab sawv cev rau txoj cai atrial excitation, thiab lub thib ob ib nrab sawv cev rau sab laug atrial excitation. P nthwv dej ntev yog 0.12 vib nas this thiab qhov siab yog 0.25mv. Thaum lub atrium nthuav dav thiab qhov kev coj ua ntawm ob chav ua haujlwm txawv txav, P nthwv dej tuaj yeem qhia tau tias yog qhov taw tes siab lossis ob-peaked P nthwv dej. QRS complex QRS complex yog zoo siab downward los ntawm Nws nras thiab sab laug thiab txoj cai bundle ceg ib txhij qhib rau sab laug thiab txoj cai ventricles los tsim ib tug QRS complex. QRS complex sawv cev rau qhov depolarization ntawm lub ventricle, thiab lub sijhawm ua kom tsawg dua 0.11 vib nas this. Thaum muaj kev thaiv thaiv ntawm sab laug thiab sab xis cov ceg ntoo ntawm lub plawv, ventricular o lossis hypertrophy, thiab lwm yam, QRS complex zoo nkaus li nthuav dav, deformed, thiab ntev. T yoj tom qab T yoj sawv cev rau qhov rov qab ntawm lub ventricle. Nyob rau hauv kev coj nrog ib tug upward dominant QRS complex, lub T yoj yuav tsum nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev raws li lub ntsiab QRS complex. Kev hloov pauv hauv T nthwv dej ntawm ECG cuam tshuam los ntawm ntau yam. Piv txwv li, myocardial ischemia tuaj yeem tshwm sim raws li qib qis qis ntawm T yoj. Lub towering T yoj tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv hyperkalemia, hyperacute theem ntawm mob myocardial infarction, thiab lwm yam. PR interval PR interval excitation yog ua rau lub atrioventricular node raws lub anterior, nruab nrab, thiab posterior interfascicular bundles. Vim tias qhov nrawm nrawm ntawm lub atrioventricular node, PR ntu ntawm ECG tau tsim, los yog lub sijhawm PR. Lub sijhawm PR ib txwm yog 0.12 txog 0.20 vib nas this. Thaum lub conduction ntawm lub atrium mus rau lub ventricle yog thaiv, nws yog manifested raws li ib tug ncua sij hawm ntawm PR lub sij hawm los yog ploj lawm ntawm lub ventricular nthwv dej tom qab lub P yoj. QT interval Lub QT ntu nruab nrab yog lub sij hawm los ntawm depolarization mus rau repolarization ntawm lub ventricle. Lub sijhawm QT ib txwm yog 0.44 vib nas this. Kev ncua ntawm QT ntu feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog qhov tshwm sim ntawm malignant arrhythmias. PR segment Cov PR ntu sawv cev rau cov txheej txheem atrial repolarization thiab hluav taws xob ua haujlwm ntawm atrioventricular node, pob ntawm Nws, thiab cov ceg ntoo. ST ntu ST ntu ventricular myocardium yog kiag li depolarized, thiab repolarization tseem tsis tau pib. Lub sijhawm no, ventricular myocardium ntawm txhua qhov chaw nyob hauv lub xeev depolarized, thiab tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov hlwb. Yog li ntawd, ntu ST yuav tsum nyob rau ntawm kab equipotential nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj xwm txheej. Thaum muaj ischemia lossis necrosis nyob rau hauv qee qhov ntawm myocardium, thiab tseem muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm lub ventricle tom qab depolarization, nws tau tshwm sim raws li kev hloov pauv hauv ST ntu ntawm ECG. Frank system Frank lead system Nyob rau hauv 1956, Frank tau npaj ib txheej ntawm kev kho Lub orthogonal lead system muaj tag nrho ntawm 7 electrodes. Tsib electrodes tau muab tso rau ntawm lub hauv siab, thiab lwm yam ob electrodes tau muab tso rau ntawm sab laug ko taw thiab sab nraub qaum ntawm caj dab 1 cm mus rau sab xis. Txhua lub electrode txuas nrog cov kev tawm tsam sib txawv, uas ua rau qee qhov kho qhov tsis sib xws ntawm lub plawv hauv lub thoracic kab noj hniav thiab kev coj ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Vim nws lub suab lub cev lub hauv paus thiab tsim nyog tsim, nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv electrocardiogram technology. Txhawm rau cim qhov chaw ECG vector, nws xav tias peb axes sib tshuam ib leeg perpendicularly hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub plawv, thiab tom qab ntawd peb axes feem ua rau lub dav hlau kab rov tav, dav hlau sagittal thiab frontal dav hlau ntawm Frank's lead system. Wilson system Wilson lead system Wilson lead system yog qhov nruab nrab-kawg kev sib txuas ua ke uas tau npaj los ntawm Wilson. Qhov kev sojntsuam electrode tau muab tso rau ntawm txhua ceg ntawm tus qauv txhuas, thiab cov hlau lead electrodes ntawm ob ceg ceg sib txuas nrog 5000 ohm tsis kam. txuas nyob rau hauv series raws li tsis cuam tshuam electrodes. ECG voltage sau los ntawm cov hlau lead no yog kwv yees li 50 feem pua siab dua li ntawm cov unipolar limb lead, li no lub npe ntawm lub siab unipolar limb lead. Lub npe raws li qhov chaw ntawm qhov chaw sojntsuam electrode, yog tias qhov kev sojntsuam electrode nyob ntawm sab caj npab sab xis, nws yog unipolar txoj cai sab sauv sab saud (aVR), sab caj npab sab laug yog compressed unipolar sab laug sab laug sab xis (aVL), thiab sab laug yog tus coj. Nws yog ib tug pressurized unipolar sab laug qis extremity lead.
VCG ECG vector Lub peev xwm sib txawv tsim los ntawm cardiomyocytes hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm depolarization thiab repolarization muaj ob qho tib si loj thiab kev taw qhia, uas yog hu ua ECG vector. Electrocardiogram thiab electrocardiogram yog sib xyaw ua ke thiab ua tiav rau ib leeg thiab siv los kuaj mob plawv. ECG ntawm ib tug tej yam hlau lead yog ib tug nkhaus uas nthuav nrog lub sij hawm t, thaum lub vector daim duab ntawm ib tug tej yam nto yog ib tug complex dav hlau nkhaus nrog t raws li qhov parameter. Daim duab vector muaj peb axes hluav taws xob X, Y, thiab Z, uas tsim ib lub dav hlau ua khub, hu ua lub dav hlau transverse (H), lub dav hlau frontal (F), thiab lub dav hlau txoj cai (s). AD converter AD conversion AD conversion yog analog-to-digital conversion, uas yog los hloov ib qho analog teeb liab mus rau hauv lub teeb liab digital, chav tsev yog me ntsis, thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom siv los ntsuas qhov tseeb hloov dua siab tshiab. Feem ntau yog 12- ntsis, 16- ntsis, thiab 24- ntsis. Sampling rate Tus nqi piv txwv yog qhov piv txwv zaus, uas txhais tau tias tus naj npawb ntawm cov qauv ib thib ob muab rho tawm los ntawm cov teeb liab tas mus li los tsim cov teeb liab discrete, hauv Hertz (Hz); qhov ntau zaus, qhov ntau ntawm cov qauv, thiab qhov zoo dua qhov raug. CMRR (Common hom rejection ratio) yog hais txog qhov piv ntawm qhov sib txawv hom teeb liab (ECG teeb liab) magnification Ad ntawm electrocardiograph rau hom teeb liab (kev cuam tshuam thiab suab nrov) magnification Ac, qhia qhov loj ntawm lub peev xwm tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam. Qhov loj dua qhov sib piv, lub peev xwm ntawm qhov sib txawv amplifier Circuit Court muaj zog dua los tiv thaiv cov teeb liab hom thiab qhov zoo dua qhov muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam. Noise Level Noise Level kuj hu ua suab nrov sab hauv. Nws hais txog lub suab nrov uas tsim los ntawm cov hluav taws xob thermal txav thaum lub hauv paus ntawm electrocardiograph ua haujlwm, tsis yog lub suab nrov los ntawm kev siv tsis raug ntawm kev cuam tshuam sab nraud. Yog tias nws loj dhau lawm, nws yuav tsis tsuas cuam tshuam cov duab ntawm cov duab, tab sis kuj cuam tshuam rau qhov qub ntawm ECG. Yog li ntawd, lub suab nrov yuav tsum me me li sai tau, thiab tsis muaj suab nrov waveform yuav tsum pom nyob rau hauv txoj kab nkhaus. Kev teb ntau zaus Cov tib neeg ECG waveform tsis yog ib zaus, tab sis tuaj yeem decomposed rau hauv sine yoj Cheebtsam ntawm ntau zaus thiab sib txawv proportions, uas txhais tau hais tias ECG teeb liab yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv high-order harmonics. Yog hais tias lub electrocardiograph muaj tib qhov nce rau cov cim ntawm cov zaus sib txawv, cov traceed waveform yuav tsis raug cuam tshuam. Txawm li cas los xij, lub peev xwm amplifying ntawm lub amplifier rau cov teeb liab ntawm cov zaus sib txawv tsis tas yuav zoo ib yam. Thaum lub electrocardiograph inputs teeb liab ntawm tib lub amplitude thiab ntau zaus, kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub amplitude ntawm cov zis teeb liab thiab qhov zaus hu ua zaus teb tus yam ntxwv. Cov yam ntxwv teb zaus ntawm electrocardiograph feem ntau yog nyob ntawm qhov zaus teb cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub amplifier thiab recorder. Qhov dav qhov zaus teb, qhov zoo dua. Polarization voltage Polarization voltage Ib polarization voltage yog generated ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab nto electrodes vim polarization. Qhov no feem ntau yog tshwm sim los ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov hluav taws xob stagnation tsim tom qab ntws ntawm lub plawv tam sim no. Lub polarization voltage muaj qhov cuam tshuam zoo rau ECG ntsuas thiab yuav ua rau lub hauv paus drift thiab lwm yam tshwm sim. Qhov siab tshaj plaws polarization voltage tuaj yeem ncav cuag kaum tawm millivolts lossis txawm ntau pua millivolts. Yog tias qhov hluav taws xob polarization tsis ua haujlwm zoo, qhov cuam tshuam yuav loj heev. Txawm hais tias cov electrodes siv hauv electrocardiograph tau ua los ntawm cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb, cov electrodes tseem ua kom muaj qhov hluav taws xob polarization, feem ntau yog 200-300mV, vim qhov kub thiab txias hloov thiab cuam tshuam ntawm hluav taws xob thiab hlau nplaum. Amplifier thiab cov cuab yeej kaw. Qhov yuav tsum tau muaj ntau dua 300mV, thiab thoob ntiaj teb nws yog ntau dua 500mV. Input impedance Lub input impedance yog input tsis kam ntawm pre-amplifier. Qhov loj dua qhov input kuj, qhov me dua qhov waveform distortion tshwm sim los ntawm qhov sib txawv electrode tiv thaiv, thiab ntau dua qhov sib piv ntawm hom kev tsis lees paub. Feem ntau, nws yuav tsum muaj ntau dua 2MΩ, thiab thoob ntiaj teb, nws yog ntau dua 50MΩ. rhiab heev kuj hu ua nce; nws hais txog qhov amplitude ntawm lub kaw lus waveform thaum 1mV tus qauv voltage input. Nws yog feem ntau hais nyob rau hauv mm / mV, uas qhia txog lub magnification ntawm lub amplifier ntawm tag nrho cov tshuab. Tus qauv rhiab heev ntawm electrocardiograph yog 10mm / mV. Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev qhia txog tus qauv rhiab heev yog los pab txhawb kev sib piv ntawm ntau yam ECGs. Daim ntawv ceev Cov ntawv ceev yog siv los cuam tshuam qhov nrawm ntawm ECG daim duab, chav tsev yog mm / s
